Forging
Forging is a manufacturing process that involves shaping metal through the application of force.
What is the difference between Stainless Steel 316 and 316L fasteners?
Stainless Steel, 316, and 316L fasteners have slight differences in their composition, resulting in variations in their mechanical and chemical properties. Both alloys are part of the austenitic stainless steel family and contain chromium, nickel, and molybdenum. However, the "L" in 316L stands for "low carbon," indicating a lower carbon content than 316. That reduced carbon content helps enhance the weldability of 316L, making it suitable for welding or extensive fabrication applications.
The lower carbon content in 316L also improves resistance against sensitization, a process in which chromium carbide precipitation occurs at grain boundaries, reducing corrosion resistance. By minimizing this sensitization effect, 316L offers superior corrosion resistance compared to 316 in environments where the material is exposed to high temperatures, such as in welding operations.
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While both alloys exhibit excellent corrosion resistance in a wide range of environments, the lower carbon content of 316L grants it enhanced resistance to intergranular corrosion, making it well-suited for applications in corrosive environments such as marine environments or chemical processing plants.
What applications are Stainless Steel 316 fasteners commonly used in?
Stainless Steel 316 fasteners find wide application across various industries and sectors due to their excellent mechanical properties and superior corrosion resistance. One common application is in the marine industry, where the fasteners are exposed to harsh saltwater environments. The high corrosion resistance of Stainless Steel 316 makes it ideal for use in boat building, offshore structures, and marine equipment.
The chemical and petrochemical industries also extensively use Stainless Steel 316 fasteners. These fasteners resist corrosion from various chemicals and acids, making them suitable for equipment and structures exposed to corrosive substances. In addition, their high-temperature resistance makes them suitable for applications involving elevated temperatures.
The food and beverage industry is another major sector that relies on Stainless Steel 316 fasteners. These fasteners are favoured due to their hygienic properties, resistance to corrosion from food acids, and ease of cleaning. They are commonly used in food processing machinery, commercial kitchens, and storage tanks.
Standard | ASTM F593, F594, A193, A194 / ASME SF593, F594, SA193, SA194 |
Bolt / Screw Size | M3 – M56 | 3/6″ to 2″ | Custom Sizes |
Nuts Size | M3 – M56 | 3/6″ to 2″ | Custom Sizes |
Washers Size | M3 – M56 | 3/6″ to 2″ | Custom Sizes |
Machine Screws Size | M1.6 – M12 |
Self Tapping Screw Size | No.2 – No. 14 |
Length | 3 mm to 200 mm |
Threads | UNF, BSW, BSF, METRIC, UNC, or as required |
Fasteners |
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Dimensions | DIN 931, 933, 934, 7991, 976, 125, ASME B18.2.1, B18.3 |
Threads | Unless otherwise specified, the threads shall be rolled or cut and tapped horizontally or vertically |
Test Certificate | as per EN 10204 / 3.1 Manufacturer Test Certificate |
Additional Certifications | PED 97/23/EC Certified, Merkblatt AD 2000 W2 Certified |
Production Process | M24-M100: hot forging , M2-M24: Cold Froging, for custom-made connecting element machining and CNC |
Types | Bolts, Nuts, Stud Bolts, Washers, Threaded Rod, Anchor Fasteners, Eye Bolt, Stud, Cotter Pin, Socket Screw, Fine Fasteners & Spares, Foundation Fasteners, Hexagon Castle Nuts, Hexagon Domed Cap Bolts, Hexagon Thin Nuts etc. |
STANDARD | UNS | WNR. | AFNOR | EN | JIS | BS | GOST |
SS 316 | S31600 | 1.4401 / 1.4436 | Z7CND17‐11‐02 | X5CrNiMo17-12-2 / X3CrNiMo17-13-3 | SUS 316 | 316S31 / 316S33 | - |
SS 316L | S31603 | 1.4404 / 1.4435 | Z3CND17‐11‐02 / Z3CND18‐14‐03 | X2CrNiMo17-12-2 / X2CrNiMo18-14-3 | SUS 316L | 316S11 / 316S13 | 03Ch17N14M3 / 03Ch17N14M2 |
C | Mn | Si | P | S | Cr | Mo | Ni | N | |
316 (S31600) |
0.08 max |
2.0 max |
0.75 max |
0.045 max |
0.03 max |
min: 16.0 max: 18.0 |
min: 2.0 max: 3.0 |
min: 10.0 max: 14.0 |
0.10 max |
316L (S31603) |
0.03 max |
2.0 max |
0.75 max |
0.045 max |
0.03 max |
min: 16.0 max: 18.0 |
min: 2.0 max: 3.0 |
min: 10.0 max: 14.0 |
0.10 max |
Grade | Tensile Strength ksi (min) |
Yield Strength 0.2% ksi (min) |
Elongation % | Hardness (Brinell) MAX | Hardness (Rockwell B) MAX |
316 (S31600) | 75 | 30 | 40 | 217 | 95 |
316L (S31603) | 70 | 25 | 40 | 217 | 95 |
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